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Lipids
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Long term energy reservoir in body
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lipids are the building material of cellular membranes called ________ membrane
lipids are the building material of cellular membranes called lipoprotein membrane
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which of the following is isoprenoid unit
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carotenoids are lipids that are ______ in colour
Carotenoids are lipids that are often red, orange,yellow or brown in color. These pigments are responsible for the vibrant colors found in many fruits and vegetables
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which do not contain fatty acid
Terpenoids do not contain fatty acids. Terpenoids are a diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units.Steroids, on the other hand, also do not contain fatty acids but have a distinct four-ring structure.
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aldosterone helps to regulate the _______ content of the blood
Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically the adrenal cortex. One of its primary functions is to help regulate the sodium content of the blood.
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cholesterol is a precursor of all steroid hormones such as
cholesterol is a precursor of all steroid hormones such as aldosterone, sex hormones and vitamin D
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each steroid is formed of a backbone of four fused carbon rings containing ________ carbon atoms
each steroid is formed of a backbone of four fused carbon rings containing 17 carbon atoms
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which one do not contain fatty acids
Steroids are a distinct class of organic molecules and do not contain fatty acids.
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waxes are
waxes are typically solid at room temperature. The solid nature of waxes is due to the arrangement of their long hydrocarbon chains and the absence of double bonds in these chains
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Waxes are hydrophobic in nature. They are composed of long hydrocarbon chains that lack polar groups, making them repel water.
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waxes are formed by long chain fatty acid bonded to long chain
waxes are formed by long chain fatty acid bonded to long chain alcohols
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which part of phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic in nature
in a phospholipid molecule the hydrophobic tails consist of fatty acid chains and repel water
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in a phospholipid molecule a phosphate head is soluble in
in a phospholipid molecule the hydrophilic head contains a phosphate group and is attracted(soluble) to water
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in a phospholipid molecule a phosphate head is
in a phospholipid molecule a phosphate head is polar in nature
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a phospholipid molecule has how many parts
A phospholipid molecule consists of two main parts: a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
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a triglycerids molecule is converted into phospholipid when a fatty acid is replaced by
Explanation:
A triglycerids molecule is converted into phospholipid when a fatty acid is replaced by one phosphate group
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which one contain one glycerol molecule, two fatty acids and one phosphoric acid molecule
Phospholipids are composed of:
This structure makes phospholipids key components of cell membranes.
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Ghee with saturated fatty acid is prepared from vegetable oil by passing ________ through it
Ghee with saturated fatty acid is prepared from vegetable oil by passing hydrogen through it
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which one yield as twice as energy per gram as that of carbohydrate
lipids yield as twice as energy per gram as that of carbohydrate
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saturated fatty acids are stored in
Saturated fatty acids can be found in the fat stores of animals
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acylglycerol with saturated fatty is called
acylglycerol with saturated fatty is called palmitic acid. it is a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms in its hydrocarbon chain. It is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature
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acylglycerol with saturated fatty acid is called as
Acylglycerols that are composed of saturated fatty acids are commonly referred to as “fats.” Fats are a type of lipid, and they are primarily made up of triglycerides, which consist of glycerol molecules bonded to three saturated fatty acid chains.
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saturated fatty acids have how many double bond
Saturated fatty acids do not have any double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. They are called “saturated” because each carbon atom in the chain is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms
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fatty acids may be
Fatty acids can be classified into two main categories based on the nature of the chemical bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains: saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
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most of fatty acids in a cell contain ___________carbon atom per molecule
most of fatty acids in a cell contain 16-18 carbon atom per molecule
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triglycerides are stored in
The triesters of fatty acids with glycerol (1,2,3-trihydroxypropane) compose the class of lipids known as fats and oils. These triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are found in both plants and animals
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triglycerides contain how many fatty acids
Triglycerides, also known as triacylglycerols, consist of glycerol molecules linked to three fatty acid chains through ester bonds.
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the most common acyl glycerol are
Triglycerides are the most common and abundant form of acylglycerols in living organisms. Triglycerides, also known as triacylglycerols, consist of glycerol molecules linked to three fatty acid chains through ester bonds.
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acylglycerol are lipids which are composed of
Acylglycerols, also known as glycerides, are a class of lipids composed of glycerol and fatty acids. They are one of the most common types of lipids found in biological systems
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lipids contain more
lipids do contain a higher proportion of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds compared to other biomolecules like carbohydrates and proteins.
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lipids contain
lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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chemically hormones are
Hormones are a diverse group of biochemicals, which perform a variety of roles in biological systems. Hormones are produced in endocrine glands. Hormones are responsible for maintenance of internal balance and developmental changes in the animal body. Chemically, hormones may be peptide (e.g., insulin), amines (e.g., catecholamines), proteins (e.g., growth hormone), steroid hormones (e.g., androgens).
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in saturated fatty acids more hydrogen are not accommodated because
a saturated bond is formed when single bond develop between two atoms. in a saturated fatty acid a single bond is present between two carbon atoms which do not allow further accommodation to hydrogen
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which of the following is composed of lipids
textbook reference page 48
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waxes are the esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight
Waxes are formed by long chain of fatty acids bonded to long chain of monohydroxy alcohol
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Ester linkage is a bond which involves a chemical reaction between:
Ester linkage is a bond which involves a chemical reaction between H3PO4and OH
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The “tails” of the hydrocarbons in the phospholipids molecules orient away from water. Which of the following describes the tail’s movement away from
Phospholipids, essential components of cell membranes, have hydrophobic tails (usually hydrocarbon chains) that repel water. In a lipid bilayer, these hydrophobic tails orient inward, creating a barrier between the aqueous environment and the cell’s interior.
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Lipid molecules have the capacity to store double amount of energy as compare to same amount of carbohydrate because of high number of:
Lipid molecules have the capacity to store double amount of energy as compare to same amount of carbohydrate because of high number of C-H bonds
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In saturated fatty acids more hydrogen are not accommodated because of
In saturated fatty acids more hydrogen are not accommodated because of presence of single bonds between carbon atoms
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which one of the following do not contain fatty acids
terpenoids and steroids are two types of lipids which do not contain fatty acids. terpenoids are lipid soluble and water insoluble substances. they are formed of units called as isoprenoid units.
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steroids are lipids that do not contain fatty acids. each steroid is formed of a back bone of four fused carbon rings containing 17 carbon atoms. they differ from each other by a typical functional group attached
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_________ are formed by long chain fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohol
waxes are formed by long chain fatty acids bonded to long chain alcohol. they are solid at room temperature because they have high melting point. they are hydrophobic
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which part of phospholipid molecule is soluble in water
a phospholipid molecule has two parts. a phosphate head it is polar and therefore soluble in water and two hydrocarbon tails they are non polar and are insoluble in water
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which one is a saturated fatty acids
saturated fatty acids have no double bond between carbon atoms. such molecules cannot accomodate any more hydrogen atoms if added to them. acylglycerol with saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid are called as fats and are solid at room temperature. saturated fatty acids are stored in animals as fats
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a triglycerides contain
acylglycerol are lipids which are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. the most common acylglycerol are triglycerides contain one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
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which one has more carbon- hydrogen than carbohydrates
lipids are a group of different types of organic compounds. they contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. other elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus may also be present in lipids. most lipids are non-polar and are insoluble in water. they usually contain more carbon and hydrogen bonds and less oxygen as compared to carbohydrates
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Terpenoids are formed of – carbon unit called isoprenoid
Terpenoids are formed of 5-carbon units called isoprene units.
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A typical fat molecule is made up of
A fat molecule is made up of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules, these options are incorrect.
Option B:∙ Three hydroxyls (OH) groups of a glycerol molecule join with the carboxyl groups of three fatty acid molecules.∙ Glycerol and fatty acid are linked by ester bonds by elimination of three water molecules(H2O). Therefore, this is the correct answer.
Hence the correct answer is B) One glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
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A lipid is a polymer made up of
it is the polymer of Fatty acids and Glycerol
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Which of the following is the function of lipids?
Lipids are broken down in the digestive tract to form fatty acids and cholesterol. Fatty acids and cholesterol are key components of cell membranes that regulate its fluidity and permeability. Lipids of the nervous system are localized in myelin sheaths thereby providing electrical insulation. Thus the correct answer is option D.
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How many hexagonal and pentagonal structures are present in cholesterol
Cholesterol has a steroid nucleus consisting of 3 hexagonal rings and 1 pentagonal ring. The extra pentagonal shape in the hydrocarbon tail is not part of the fused ring system and is not counted.
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which of the following is long term energy storage molecule
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Prostaglandin consists of ____ of lipids
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which of the following is second messenger of phospholipid
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Giberillin are hormone belong to which class of macro molecule
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phospholipase convert phospholipid into second Messager such as
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Which of the following is composed of lipids?
Hormones are mostly made up of lipids.
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Triacylglycerols are also called as……
Triacylglycerol has no net charge ,so called neutral lipids.triglyceride is synonym of triacylglycerol.
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Lipids store double amount of energy as compared to same amount of carbohydrates due to….
Lipids store double amount of energy as compared to same amount of carbohydrates due to Higher portion of C-H bonds
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No of c atoms in fatty acid
No of C atoms are 16-18 in fatty acid
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Fats and oils are …….
Fats and Oils have specific garvity of about 0.8. hence it floats on the surface of water
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The polar region of phospholipid molecule is…….
Head of phospholipid is polar in nature while its tail is hydrophobic in nature.
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Modified fatty with two non polar tails are
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Lipids that do not contain fatty acids are…….
Lipids that do not contain fatty acids are steroids and terpenoids
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which maintains the fluidity of cell membrane?
cholesterol maintains the fluidity of cell membrane
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Palmitic acid is an example of ….
palmitic acid contains 16 carbon its chain and is common saturated fatty acid
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which of the following is an example of terpenoids?
Rubber,vit:A,phytol etc are the best examples of terpenoids…
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Lipids are
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the most abundant lipids in living things are
the most abundant lipids in living things are acylglycerol. Chemically they are called as esters of glycerol and fatty acids
REFERENCE: FEDERAL BOOK
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………. Are lipids that do not contain fatty acids
steroids and terpenoids are two types of lipids that do not contain fatty acids
REFERENCE: KPK BOOK
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most common type of phospholipid is
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Which of the following are called neutral lipids
Triglycerols are also called neutral lipids because all three OH groups of glycerol are occupied by fatty acids and no charge bearing OH group is left
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Which of the following are esters of glycerol and fatty acids
Chemically acylglycerols can be defined as esters of glycerol and fatty acids. An ester is the compound produced as the result of a chemical reaction of an alcohol with acid and a water molecule is released such a reaction is called esterfication. Glycerol is a trihydroxy alcohol which contains three carbons , each bear an OH group. A fatty acid is a type of organic acid containing one carboxylic group attached to a hydrocarbon. When a glycerol molecule combines with one fatty acid a monoglycerol is formed. When two fatty acids combine with a glycerol , a diglycerol is formed and when three fatty acids combine with one glycerol molecule a triglycerol is formed.
Reference: federal and kpk textbook
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Which of the following is the major constituent of the lipid bilayer of cell membrane?
Phospholipids are the major constituents of the lipid bilayer of cell membrane. They control the movement of substances across the lipid bilayer
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Phosphatidylcholine is the most common type of ?
Phosphatidylcholine also called lecithin is a phospholipid. It is made up of fatty acids, choline (a nitrogenous base) and phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidylcholine is a chemical contained in eggs, soybeans, mustard, sunflower, and other foods. It is found naturally in the body in all cells. Phosphatidylcholine is also a source of choline in the body. Phosphatidylcholine is used for ulcerative colitis.
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Phospholipids are formed when phosphatidic acid combines with all but one of the following organic compounds ?
An agar DOESNOT combine with phosphatidic acid to form phospholipid
Phospholipid is a type of compound/complex lipids. Commonly occurring phospholipids are derived from phosphatidic acid . A phospholipid is formed when phosphatidic acid combines with one of the four organic compounds such as
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A neutral lipid molecule is composed of glycerol and fatty acid molecule in a ratio of
Neutral lipids are defined as hydrophobic molecules lacking charged groups.
Acylglycerols are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. The most important example of acylglycerol is triacylglycerol also known as triglyceride or neutral lipid.
It is made by the reaction of Glycerol and three fatty acids by the elimination of 3 water molecules
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Cholesterol is associated with ?
Steroids are lipids of high molecular weight which can be crystalline. A steroid nucleus consists of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings, three of the rings contain six carbon atoms and the fourth contains five. Cholestrol is also a steroid
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total number of carbon atoms in fused rings of steroid
steroids are lipids that do not contain fatty acids .each steroid is formed of a back bone of four fused carbon rings containing 17 carbon atoms.
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Neutral lipid are formed due to
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___ is polyterpene ( federal )
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A steroid nucleus consists of __ carbon atoms arranged in four attached ring ( federal )
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Cholesterol is a precursor of large number of equally important ( federal )
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___ is derived from Arachidonic acid ( federal )
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Two isoprene units form a monoterpene e.g ( federal )
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Phosphatidic acid molecule is most similar to ___ ( federal )
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__ is unsaturated fatty acids ( federal )
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__ are simplest fatty acids ( federal )
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Fatty acid contains ___ number of carbon from 2 to 30 ( federal )
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The most abundant lipid in living things is ( federal )
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In general lipid Components of the cell membrane is ( federal )
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__ is simple lipid which shows molecular formula as C57H110O6 ( federal )
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Lipid contain relatively ___ oxygen proportional to carbon and hydrogen than do carbohydrates ( federal )
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___ are the heterogeneous group of organic compounds ( federal )
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Waxes are mixture of long chain alkane with odd number of carbon ranging from ( punjab)
Paraffin waxes are mixtures of straight-chain alkanes, most commonly in the C₂₅–C₃₅ range.
Waxes are not simply alcohols or ketones; they are primarily long-chain alkanes (paraffin wax) or esters of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols (beeswax, carnauba wax), but the alkane fraction itself lies between C₂₅ and C₃₅.
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Fats and oils are lighter than water and have specific gravity of ( punjab)
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Unsaturated fatty acid contains double bonds UpTo ( punjab)
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saturated fats
Saturated fats are those which have C-C single bond.There are greater num number of Hydrogen atoms are present in saturated fatty acids as compared to unsaturated fatty acids.Saturated fatty acids are oil at room temperature.
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Which of the following lipds don’t contain fatty acids?
Cholesterol doesn’t contain fatty acids .it has a 27 carbon heterocyclic ring.
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Lipids are insoluble in water because lipid molecules are
Lipids molecules have non-polar tail, which make them unable to reacts with water.Therefore they are insoluble in water and frequently soluble in non-polar solvent such as ether, benzene and chloroform etc
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Terpenes are ……..
Terpens are lipids.its monomers are terpenoids.e.g are Beta carotene.
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The sulphur containing Amino acids is/are……..
There are only 3 sulphur containing amino acids.They are; Methionine, cystine and cystiene.
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which of the following is not a lipid?
Glycoproteins are not lipids.they are complex compounds made up of protein and carbohydrates
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the type of lipids which do not contain fatty acids are
Steroids are a type of lipid that does not contain fatty acids. Steroids are characterized by a unique arrangement of four fused carbon rings. The most well-known steroid is cholesterol, which is essential for various biological processes in the body
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each steroid is formed of a back bone of fused carbon rings containing ________carbon atoms
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waxes are formed by long chain of fatty acids bonded with long chain of ___________?
Waxes are created by linking long chains of fatty acids with long chains of alcohol molecules through esterification. This chemical bond forms a hydrophobic tail, giving waxes their water-repellent properties. Waxes play protective roles in organisms and surfaces, such as in plant cuticles and animal fur, by reducing water loss and preventing damage.
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glycerol is the back bone molecule for
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a fatty acid is unsaturated if it
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estrogen, vitamin D and cholesterol all are the examples of
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________ regulates the selective permeability of the plasma membrane allowing movement of molecules according to the needs of the cells
membrane proteins regulates the selective permeability of the plasma membrane allowing movement of molecules according to the needs of the cells
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Biologically, plays key roles in maintaining the integrity of lipid bilayer membranes.
Biologically, the hydrophobic interactions (Option B) play key roles in maintaining the integrity of lipid bilayer membranes. Lipid bilayers, such as the cell membrane, consist of hydrophilic (water-attracting) head groups and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic tails of lipid molecules help to stabilize the bilayer structure and keep the hydrophilic head groups facing the aqueous environment, which is essential for the proper functioning of cell membranes.
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Butyric acid is a ________ carbon fatty acid
Fatty acids are organic molecules consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) at one end. The number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid chain determines its classification. Butyric acid refers to a fatty acid with 4 carbon atoms. The name “butyric” comes from the Greek word “butyron,” which means butter, and it is naturally found in butter and other dairy products. Its chemical formula is:
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH
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What is the ester of fatty acids and long-chain alcohol this called?
The ester of fatty acids and long-chain alcohol is called a wax. Waxes are simple lipids formed by the esterification of long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols. They are typically solid at room temperature and serve various functions, including protective coatings in plants and waterproofing.
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Lipids, which do not contain fatty acid are:
Steroids are lipids that do not contain fatty acids. They are characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings and include hormones such as testosterone and cholesterol.
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Ringed fatty acids are present in
Animals have linear fatty acids. Plants have branched or ringed fatty acids
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The melting point of plamitic acid is
Fact
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The melting point of butyric acid is
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The linkage found in lipids is called as
In lipids, especially fats and oils (triglycerides), ester linkages are formed between the hydroxyl group (-OH) of glycerol and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of fatty acids.
This reaction is known as esterification and it produces ester bonds along with water.
A) Glycosidic linkage → Found in carbohydrates (sugar-sugar bond).
B) Peptide bond → Found in proteins (amino acid–amino acid bond).
D) Phosphoester linkage → Found in nucleic acids (DNA/RNA, phosphate to sugar).
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What is the primary difference in the chemical composition of lipids compared to carbohydrates?
Lipids have a much lesser ratio of oxygen than carbohydrates, implying a higher proportion of carbon and hydrogen.
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between glycerol and fatty acids in the formation of acylglycerols?
Three fatty acids react with glycerol through esterification to form acylglycerols (commonly known as triglycerides). In this reaction, each hydroxyl group of glycerol bonds with a carboxyl group of a fatty acid, releasing water molecules. The resulting ester bonds hold the structure together. Triglycerides serve as a major energy storage molecule in animals and plants.
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Based on the structure of stearic acid, how many carbon atoms are present in its hydrocarbon chain?
By counting the carbon atoms in the straight chain of stearic acid, we can see there are 18 carbon atoms.
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What is the functional group present in stearic acid?
The structure of stearic acid clearly show the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of the molecule.
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Based on the structure of linoleic acid, how many double bonds are present in its hydrocarbon chain?
By examining the structure of linoleic acid, we can see that there are two double bonds (C=C) present in the hydrocarbon chain.
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It is estimated that a person of average size contains approx ________kg of fats
An average-sized person contains approximately 16 kg of fats, which store about 144 x 103 Kcal of energy.
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It is estimated that a person of average size contains 16kg of fats which contain _______KCal of energy
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What is the significance of the phosphate group in a phospholipid molecule?
The phosphate and choline form the polar part of the phospholipid, which is hydrophilic (water-loving).
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Which of the following best describes the amphipathic nature of phospholipids?
phospholipids as having two ends: a hydrophobic (water-repelling) end made up of fatty acids and a hydrophilic (water-attracting) end made up of phosphate and choline.
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Properties of cell membrane depends on its __________ component
The properties of the cell membrane depend on its phospholipid component.
Phospholipids form a bilayer, providing fluidity, selective permeability, and flexibility to the membrane. Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while hydrophobic tails form a barrier to most polar molecules. This arrangement is crucial for membrane functions like transport and signal transduction.
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Which of the following is an example of a terpene?
Limonene as an example of a terpene found in lemon oil.
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Which of the following molecules are terpenes involved in the synthesis of?
Terpenes are involved in the synthesis of some components of vitamin A, chlorophyll, and other molecules like rubber and latex.
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Which of the following terpenes is known for its characteristic minty fragrance?
Menthol as the terpene responsible for the minty fragrance from peppermint oil.
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Which of the following plants is associated with the terpene geraniol, which contributes to its characteristic fragrance?
Geraniol is a terpene found in rose.
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Acylglycerols have — density as compared to water
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Triolein melts at —-°C
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—- of acylglycerols produce margine and butter
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids produce saturated fatty acids
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Acylglycerols undergo— to produce odorus and flavored compounds
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Which statement is correct regarding the monomers of lipids?
Explanation: True polymers are built from repeating identical units. Lipids (e.g., triglycerides) are typically assembled from glycerol and fatty acids, but they do not form the long repeating chains of true polymers.
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The building blocks of waxes often include:
Explanation: Waxes typically consist of a long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol.
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Phospholipids typically include which components?
Explanation: Phospholipids generally consist of one glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
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Steroids like cholesterol are formed from which units?
Explanation: Steroids, such as cholesterol, originate from terpene/isoprene units in biosynthesis pathways.
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How many ester bonds in a triglyceride?
Explanation: Each fatty acid forms an ester bond with glycerol. Three fatty acids → three ester bonds.
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Phosphodiester bond forms between:
Explanation: DNA strands form via phosphodiester linkage between the 5’-phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3’-OH group of the next.
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